| PAS_1 |
Different parts of the plant (bark, leaf, fruit and seed) have been extensively investigated for their bioactive phytochemical constituents. Phytochemicals like malieic acid, oxalic acid, gallic acid, tannins, cynidin glycoside, oleanolic acid, flavonoids, essential oils, betulinic acid, friedelin have been elucidated for their radical scavenging (ROS), gastroprotective, and piles curing properties. Further, investigations on the use of phytochemicals from S. cumini towards their pharmacological potentials are warranted for the lead bioactive compounds.[ Subramanian, Ramya & Neethirajan, K & Ramaraj, Jayakumararaj. (2013). Profile of bioactive compounds in Syzygium cumini – a review. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 20125. 4548-4553.] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235768116_Profile_of_bioactive_compounds_in_Syzygium_cumini_-_a_review |
| PAS_2 |
It is also known as "jambul" & "kala jamun" in India. It belongs to the family Myrtaceae, the members of which have often antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antibacterial activities. Syzygium cumini has traditionally been used for its rich nutrition and medicinal value. It has diverse pharmacological actions. Different parts of plant (like bark, leaves, seeds, fruit etc.) have been used medicinally in treatment of various diseases. Seeds of Syzygium cumini have showed as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic activities. Leaves of Syzygium cumini have been used for their antibacterial & antidysenteric actions. Seeds of Syzygium cumini have been used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, & anticancer. Bark of Syzygium cumini has been used as diuretic. The ripe fruits of Syzygium cumini were found to have cardiovascular effects like hypotensive, vasorelaxant & antihypertensive in rats. Syzygium cumini has been used in diabetes since ages. Apart from this, it has also shown anti-allergic, anti-fungal, antibacterial, anticancer, anticlastogenic, antidiarrhoeal, antifertility, antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, radioprotective, chemoprotective, and hepatoprotective effetcs.[ Agarwal, Prachi & Gaur, Praveen & Tyagi, Nidhi & Puri, Dinesh & Kumar, Nitin & Kumar, S. Sadish. (2019). An Overview of Phytochemical, Therapeutic, Pharmacological and Traditional Importance of Syzygium cumini.] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332696548_An_Overview_of_Phytochemical_Therapeutic_Pharmacological_and_Traditional_Importance_of_Syzygium_cumini |
| Agro Ecological Zone |
Western plain, kachchh and part of kathiawar peninsula, hot arid eco-region (2.3) ,Coastal Plains and Hills (XIII),Bhal and Coastal area (GJ-8) 14.26%
North Gujarat ( GJ-4) 19.87%
North west zone (GJ-5) 36.38
North Saurashtra (GJ-6) 29.49 |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
Retention of placenta for more than 24 hour after parturition. |
| Disease Description |
Third phase of parturition in Cattle is voiding foetal membrane or placenta, when animal fails to do so for more the 24 hours of time after parturition, it is indicated as Retention of placenta. If complicated, can cause, post-partum metritis, low milk yield, poor reproductive performance etc. |
| Disease Control |
Need to focus on the causative factor like abortion , premature calving , dystocia , vitamin and mineral deficiency, milk fever and subclinical calcium deficiency etc. [ Melendez, P., G.A. Donovan, C.A. Risco and J.P Goff, 2004. Plasma mineral and energy metabolite concentrations in dairy cows fed an anionic prepartum diet that did or did not have retained fetal membranes after parturition. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(8): 1071-1076.]
Good control over feeding during dry period.
Immunization for infectious disease.
Avoiding cows becoming over fat will also reduce the incidence of ROP
Supplementation of Vit- E and Selenium [Bourne, N., R. Laven and D.C. Wathes, 2007. A meta- analysis of the effects of vitamin E supplementation on the incidence of retained fetal membranes in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 67: 494-501. Bovine Ann Med Vet., 143: 91-118.] |
| Disease Prevention |
Basically, we have to avoid the occurrence of dystocia through genetic selection of dam and sire having minimal probability for RP, proper prepartum nutritional status and exercise. Special care should be paid for nutrition and vitamine supplementation, especially during the dry period.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317617884_Economic_and_Reproductive_Impacts_of_Retained_Placenta_in_Dairy_Cows |
| Precautions |
|
| Procedure of Use |
Retention of uterine mass in animal damages its uterus, reduces milk yield, many times animal becomes permanently barren or carries contagious infection to other animals in contact. As remedy, bark of black plum (Syzygium cumini) tree is crushed to extract one litre juice. This juice is fed to the affected animal twice a day, morning and evening. This is traditional practice learnt from elderlies. |
| Etiology Causative Agent |
• Infectious Disease: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea may cause RFM in cattle Brucellosis
• Managemental- hereditary, inbreeding and obesity Lack of exercise and hypocalcaemia,
• Failure of Maternal immune Response,
• Nutritional: deficiency of feed during the last 6 to 8 weeks before Heavy grain feeding vitamin E and vitamin A, B-carotene and disturbed Ca/P l
• Cow’s Body Weight and Calves’ Birth Weight,
• Hormonal: Decrease level of estragen hormone may indicate ROP. [El-Nemer, I., N. Hazza and S. Emara, 2000. Changes in thyroid and sex hormones in serum of cattle with retention of placenta,
• Mechanical Causes of Retained Placenta: Twin, dystocia, Induction of parturition, Premature birth, Dead and emphysematous foetus, |
| Global Context |
The incidence in dairy herds is generally reported to be between 5 to 8% (Bretzlaff and others 1982, Joosten and others 1988, Borsberry & Dobson 1989), making it one of the most common reproductive disorders identified in cattle. |
| Lesson Implication |
|
| Other Medications / Treatments |
Manual removal of the retained membranes is not recommended and is potentially harmful. Trimming of excess tissue that is objectionable to animal handlers and contributes to gross contamination of the genital tract is permissible. Untreated cows expel the membranes in 2–11 days. Routine use of intrauterine antimicrobials has not been found to be beneficial and may be detrimental. Although advocated at various times, oxytocin, estradiol, PGF2α, and oral calcium preparations have not been shown to hasten expulsion of retained membranes or to prevent complications. When systemic signs of illness are present, systemic treatment with antimicrobials is indicated. In herds in which incidence of retained fetal membranes is unacceptably high, predisposing causes should be sought and eliminated. Supplementation with vitamin E and selenium for herds in which these nutrients are deficient has been found to be beneficial. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/retained-fetal-membranes-in-large-animals/retained-fetal-membranes-in-cows |
| Limitations of Approaches |
Local availability of herbal ingredients, their parts in particular form, vehicle to use the preparations; induction of proper dosage, etc. |
| Other Community Practices |
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| Practice ID |
DTP0010000000099 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/1782 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)