| PAS_1 |
Its technological properties focus on the food and pharmaceutical industry as production of functional foods, a vehicle for the incorporation of probiotics, inhibition of bacteria adherence on industrial surfaces, as well as the encapsulation of easily degraded activities and fermentation processes. The biological properties focus on antioxidant, hypocholes-terolemic, antimicrobial, and anticancer action. [Mascarello, Andressa & Pinto, Giovana & Araújo, Isis & Caragnato, Letícia & Lopes da Silva, André Luís & Dos Santos, Leandro. (2019). Technological and Biological Properties of Buttermilk: A Minireview. 10.5772/intechopen.80921.] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334047484_Technological_and_Biological_Properties_of_Buttermilk_A_Minireview |
| PAS_2 |
These chemical properties of buttermilk solids corresponded to a significant affinity to scavenge Fenton-induced hydroxyl radical over a range of 5 to 10 mg. A significant affinity of buttermilk solids to protect against lipid peroxidation, tested using an in vitro model lipid system, was also observed at both 0.1 and 0.2% (wt/vol). These findings demonstrated that buttermilk solids possess significant antioxidant activity, thereby suggesting potential use as a value-added ingredient for stabilizing food matrixes against lipid peroxidation reactions. [Wong PY, Kitts DD. Chemistry of buttermilk solid antioxidant activity. J Dairy Sci. 2003 May;86(5):1541-7. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73739-4. PMID: 12778564.] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12778564/ |
| Agro Ecological Zone |
Western plain, kachchh and part of kathiawar peninsula, hot arid eco-region (2.3) ,Coastal Plains and Hills (XIII),Bhal and Coastal area (GJ-8) 14.26%
North Gujarat ( GJ-4) 19.87%
North west zone (GJ-5) 36.38
North Saurashtra (GJ-6) 29.49 |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
Sudden distention of rumen , Left flank area appears protruded and skin over the area becomes taut, dyspnoea, Mouth breathing, Protrusion of the tongue, Extension of head and frequent Urination, If tympany continues to worsen death may occur within 3-4 hours after appearance of clinical sign. [Source- MSD Manual- https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-ruminant-forestomach/bloat-in-ruminants on August 10, 2020.] |
| Disease Description |
Bloat occurs when the eructation mechanism is impaired or inhibited and the rate of gas production exceeds the animal’s ability to expel the gas. Because large volumes of gas are produced in the rumen, bloat can develop very quickly. In both legume and feedlot bloat, the eructation mechanism is commonly inhibited by frothy or foamy rumen contents. The gas remains trapped in the rumen fluid, forming an emulsion of small bubbles about 1 mm in diameter. The frothy rumen contents expand, filling the rumen cavity and inhibiting the nerve endings that control the opening into the oesophagus. This condition is known as frothy bloat. Animals can tolerate moderate frothiness of rumen contents without exhibiting bloat, or they may expel enough gas from moderately frothy rumen contents to recover from mild bloat without treatment. When frothy bloat is severe, the pressure in the rumen eventually inhibits all ruminal contractions. This condition is called atony.
Frothy Bloat-Although frothy rumen contents are characteristic of both legume pasture bloat and feedlot bloat, the physical and chemical explanations for the two conditions were quite different until recently. According to the traditional theory of legume pasture bloat, froth was attributed to soluble proteins in the rumen fluid, which were produced by legume forages. One protein, known as 18S, or fraction 1 protein, initially received particular attention. The foaming properties of all soluble proteins are well known, so it was reasonable to suspect them as the cause of pasture bloat.
Free gas Bloat-Free-gas bloat in feedlot animals is more sporadic than frothy bloat, usually affecting a few animals rather than a large number. Free-gas bloat generally occurs very rapidly and provides little warning for treatment. Free-gas bloat accounts for approximately 10 per cent of the cases of feedlot bloat. Irregular feed intake, inhibition of the nerves controlling the contractions of the rumen walls, and physical obstruction of the oesophagus may cause free-gas bloat. Irregular feed intake may occur as a result of uneven feeding intervals, illness (such as a mild grain overload), changing weather, a change in the diet, unpalatable feed resulting from spoilage, or an interruption in the supply of salt or water. Excess acidity in the lower gut can inhibit rumen movement. If rumen movement is inhibited as a result of grain overload or for any other reason, free-gas bloat might develop. [W. Majak ,BC T. A. McAllister, AB D. McCartney, Lacombe, AB K., AB K-J Cheng , Bloat in Cattle, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development Information Packaging Centre] Accessed at- https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/ba3468a2a8681f69872569d60073fde1/c147cb84919a6fd487256d430057b2cd/$FILE/420_60-1.pdf on august 10, 2020. |
| Disease Control |
To control feedlot bloat, rations should contain ≥10–15% cut or chopped roughage mixed into the complete feed. Preferably, the roughage should be a cereal, grain straw, grass hay, or equivalent. Grains should be rolled or cracked, not finely ground. Pelleted rations made from finely ground grain should be avoided. The addition of tallow (3%–5% of the total ration) may be successful occasionally, but it was not effective in controlled trials. The non-ionic surfactants, such as poloxalene, have been ineffective in preventing feedlot bloat, but the ionophore lasalocid is effective in control. |
| Disease Prevention |
Prevention of pasture bloat can be difficult. Management practices used to reduce the risk of bloat include feeding hay, particularly orchard grass, before turning cattle on pasture, maintaining grass dominance in the sward, or using strip grazing to restrict intake, with movement of animals to a new strip in the afternoon, not the early morning. Hay must constitute at least one-third of the diet to effectively reduce risk of bloat. Feeding hay or strip grazing may be reliable when the pasture is only moderately dangerous, but these methods are less reliable when the pasture is in the pre-bloom stage and the bloat potential is high. Mature pastures are less likely to cause bloat than immature or rapidly growing pastures.
The only satisfactory method available to prevent pasture bloating is continual administration of an antifoaming agent during the risk period. This is widely practiced in grassland countries such as Australia and New Zealand. The most reliable method is drenching twice daily (e.g., at milking times) with an antifoaming agent. Spraying the agent onto the pasture is equally effective, provided the animals have access only to treated pasture. This method is ideal for strip grazing but not when grazing is uncontrolled. The antifoaming agent can be added to the feed or water or incorporated into feed blocks, but success with this method depends on adequate individual intake. The agent can be “painted” on the flanks of the animals, from which it is licked during the day, but animals that do not lick will be unprotected.
Available antifoaming agents include oils and fats and synthetic non-ionic surfactants. Oils and fats are given at 60–120 mL/head/day; doses up to 240 mL are indicated during dangerous periods. Poloxalene, a synthetic polymer, is a highly effective non-ionic surfactant that can be given at 10–20 g/head/day and up to 40 g/head/day in high-risk situations. It is safe and economical to use and is administered daily through the susceptible period by adding to water, feed grain mixtures, or molasses. Pluronic agents facilitate the solubilisation of water-insoluble factors that contribute to formation of a stable foam. A pluronic detergent (Alfasure®) and a water-soluble mixture of alcohol ethoxylate and pluronic detergents (Blocare 4511) also are effective but are not approved by the FDA. Ionophores effectively prevent bloat, and a sustained-release capsule administered into the rumen and releasing 300 mg of monensin daily for a 100-day period protects against pasture bloat and improves milk production on bloat-prone pastures. [Bloat in Ruminants (Ruminal tympany), MSD veterinary manual] Accessed at -https://www.msdvetmanual.com/digestive-system/diseases-of-the-ruminant-forestomach/bloat-in-ruminants on August 10, 2020. |
| Precautions |
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| Procedure of Use |
The stomach of the animal suffering from afro or gastric trouble looks extremely swollen. It sounds like drum if tapped. The animal cannot breathe easily, so it keeps the mouth open. It fidgets as if frightened. Muliben Maganbhai melts about 150 g of salt in fermented buttermilk. She recommends three dose of this remedy in a day to completely cure the affected animal. She learnt this remedy from his fore fathers. Melt about 150 g of salt in fermented buttermilk. Three doses of this remedy in a day are recommended to completely cure the affected animal. She learnt this remedy from his fore fathers. |
| Etiology Causative Agent |
Frothy bloat occurs in cattle fed high grain diets but is not a major concern for many Mississippi cattle producers. However, “feedlot” bloat is a concern with cattle on high grain diets, for example, bulls on feed-based bull development programs. Consumption of forages containing high levels of soluble protein (such as alfalfa, winter wheat, and white clover) contributes to stable foam production. This is called frothy pasture bloat or legume bloat. Legumes that contain leaf tannins help break up the stable foam in the rumen and are rarely associated with bloat. These tannin-containing legumes include arrow leaf clover, berseem clover, birds foot trefoil, sericea lespedeza, annual lespedeza, and crown vetch. Similarly, tropical legumes such as kudzu, cowpea, perennial peanut, and alyceclover rarely cause bloat. Bloat can also occur on lush annual ryegrass or small grain pastures, particularly in spring. Free-gas bloat is another type of bloat that happens when the cardia or oesophagus is physically obstructed or damaged or when rumen movement is depressed.[ Jane Parish, Bloat and Acidosis Prevention and Management, Cattle Business in Mississippi – October 2008 “Beef Production Strategies” article] accessed at -https://extension.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/topic-files/cattle-business-mississippi-articles/cattle-business-mississippi-articles-landing-page/mca_oct2008.pdf on August 10, 2020. |
| Global Context |
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most costly disease of beef cattle in North America [Griffin D. Economic impact associated with respiratory disease in beef cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1997;13:367–377. ] |
| Lesson Implication |
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| Other Medications / Treatments |
In general, broad spectrum antimicrobial with NSAID and other supportive treatments are given. Respiratory Stimulant, Bronchodilators, Mucolytic and Anticholinergic are also indicated if required with Vitamin- C and Calcium supplements. Antihistaminic drugs will also help to counter the allergic sign. |
| Limitations of Approaches |
Local availability of herbal ingredients, their parts in particular form, vehicle to use the preparations; induction of proper dosage, etc. |
| Other Community Practices |
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| Practice ID |
DTP0010000000102 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/1783 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)