| PAS_1 |
Barley grass promotes sleep; has antidiabetic effect; regulates blood pressure; enhances immunity; protects liver; has anti-acne/detoxifying and antidepressant effects; improves gastrointestinal function; has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and anti-gout effects; reduces hyperuricemia; prevents hypoxia, cardiovascular diseases, fatigue, and constipation; alleviates atopic dermatitis; is a calcium supplement; improves cognition; and so on. These results support that barley grass may be one of the best functional foods for preventive chronic diseases and the best raw material of modern diet structure in promoting the development of large health industry and further reveal that GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan mechanism of barley grass have preventive and therapeutic role for chronic diseases. [Zeng Y, Pu X, Yang J, et al. Preventive and Therapeutic Role of Functional Ingredients of Barley Grass for Chronic Diseases in Human Beings. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:3232080. Published 2018 Apr 4. doi:10.1155/2018/3232080] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904770/ |
| PAS_2 |
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| Agro Ecological Zone |
Agro Ecological Sub Region (ICAR) Central Highlands (Malwa), Gujarat Plain And Kathiawar Peninsula, Semi-Arid Eco- Region (5.3) , Agro-Climatic Zone (Planning Commission) Gujrat Plains And Hills Region (XIII) ,Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) North Saurashtra (GJ-6)
South Saurashtra (GJ-7) |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
The clinical signs associated with urolithiasis, depend upon the degree of obstruction to free flow of urine. Severity of surrounding tissue reactions. The major clinical signs reported during the onset of urolithiasis include anorexia, suspended rumination and decreased water intake. Animals suffering from partial obstruction dribble blood tinged urine after prolonged, painful attempts of urination, as the disease progress the symptoms depicted are abdominal bilateral distention, tenesmus, colic, and weight shifting, and grinding of teeth, urethral pulsation and tendency of rectal prolapsed Animals may have an arched stance, tread their feet, swish the tail, or kick at their belly. Urolithiasis should always be near the top of the differential list in male ruminants with signs of colic. [ Makhdoomi DM and Gazi MA Obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants – A review 233-238,doi:10.5455/ vetworld.2013.233-238 ] http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.6/April%20-%202013/Obstructive%20urolithiasis%20in%20ruminants.pdf |
| Disease Description |
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| Disease Control |
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| Disease Prevention |
Critical preventive measures such as providing calcium to phosphorous ratio of 2:1 in the complete ration, increasing the salt levels to 4 percent of the diet in order to stimulate water consumption and to increase urine volume and maintenance of adequate and abundant water supplies should be highly considered. Struvite crystals can be prevented by the dietary modification cattle to induce urine acidification. The ration should be modified, which includes elimination of alfa- alfa feeding, reduction or elimination of grain feeding, a change to grass hay as primary forage, encourage- These modifications are intended to reduce calculogenic minerals, especially urolithiasis in feedlot cattle in calcium and phosphorous through elimination of alfa-alfa and grain feeding respectively. Besides potentially altering the mineral content of the diet, free access to grazing may increase the daily amount of water intake, which may in turn dilute urine, thus limiting calculo- urolithiasis in a open the dietary balance.[ Makhdoomi DM and Gazi MA Obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants – A review 233-238,doi:10.5455/ vetworld.2013.233-238] http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.6/April%20-%202013/Obstructive%20urolithiasis%20in%20ruminants.pdf |
| Precautions |
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| Procedure of Use |
Boil 25 grams of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) with water and feed to the diseased animal. |
| Etiology Causative Agent |
Formerly, the most common causative agents were the Corynebacterium renale group of bacteria, including C renale, C cystitidis, and C pilosum, as well as Escherichia coli; however, E coli and Trueperella (formerly Arcanobacterium or Corynebacterium) pyogenes are now the bacteria most frequently isolated from cows with pyelonephritis. Other opportunistic and environmental bacteria may be involved, including staphylococci and streptococci. The most common causative bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment and are common inhabitants of the vagina and prepuce. Pyelonephritis develops from an ascending infection from the bladder. Cystitis may be present without involving the ureters or ascending to the kidney until some event occurs that compromises the defence mechanism of the ureteral mucosa. The organisms attack or colonize the mucosal lining of the bladder and ureters usually after some traumatic insult (such as parturition or abnormal deformity of the vaginal tract). The stresses of parturition, peak lactation, and a high-protein diet (which increases the pH of the urine and is therefore conducive to colonization of the urinary tract by Corynebacterium spp) are all contributing factors. Routine catheterization of the bladder with nonsterile catheters may facilitate transmission of Corynebacterium spp from cow to cow. The decrease in the frequency of urinary catheterization has been associated with a decreased prevalence of Corynebacterium spp as a cause of pyelonephritis. |
| Global Context |
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| Lesson Implication |
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| Other Medications / Treatments |
Early diagnosis and prompt, sustained treatment are needed for a successful recovery. A catheterized urine sample should be taken for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The treatment of choice for pyelonephritis due to Corynebacterium spp is penicillin (22,000 IU/kg, IM, bid) or trimethoprim-sulfadoxine (16 mg combined/kg, IM, bid) for ≥3 wk. The dosage, frequency, and length of administration for both of these drugs is extra-label, and adequate precautions must be taken to prevent antibiotic residues from entering the human food supply. E coli infections require a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Ceftiofur (1.1–2.2 mg/kg/day, IM or SC) or gentamicin (2.2 mg/kg, IM, bid) for ≥3 wk have been used successfully in some cases. Because of the extremely long tissue-depletion time, the aminoglycosides may not be indicated in food-producing animals. Manipulation of urine pH may theoretically be of value because E coli grow best in acidic urine (pH <7), whereas Corynebacterium spp grow best in alkaline urine (pH >7). Nonazotemic animals with pyelonephritis confined to one kidney may benefit from unilateral nephrectomy. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/urinary-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-urinary-system-in-large-animals/bovine-cystitis-and-pyelonephritis
Even though the organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, affected animals should be isolated from the herd to restrict build-up of organisms. Because of suspicion that bulls may act as mechanical vectors of Corynebacterium spp, artificial insemination in herds with multiple animals affected may be considered. |
| Limitations of Approaches |
Local availability of herbal ingredients, their parts in particular form, vehicle to use the preparations; induction of proper dosage, etc. |
| Other Community Practices |
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| Practice ID |
DTP0010000000126 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/1784 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)