| PAS_1 |
Baral Sanjay Raj1 *, Swamy Shivakumar1 , Bhattarai Bimbishar1 , Dahal Prasanna , Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves in experimental animals. INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Pharm. 2013, 4 (12) Accessed at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325038506_Evaluation_of_anti-ulcer_activity_of_ethanolic_extract_of_Dalbergia_sissoo_leaves_in_experimental_animals on Aug-7 2020 |
| PAS_2 |
“anti-inflammatory activity of the 90% ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves” gave positive results [Hajare, S.W., Chandra, S., Sharma, J., Tandan, S.K., Lal, J. and Telang, A.G., 2001. Anti-inflammatory activity of Dalbergia sissoo leaves. Fitoterapia, 72(2), pp.131-139. Accessed at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11223222 on March 28, 2020] |
| Agro Ecological Zone |
Agro Ecological Sub Region (ICAR) Central Highlands (Malwa), Gujarat Plain And Kathiawar Peninsula, Semi-Arid Eco- Region (5.3) , Agro-Climatic Zone (Planning Commission) Gujrat Plains And Hills Region (XIII) ,Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) North Saurashtra (GJ-6)
South Saurashtra (GJ-7) |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
Pyrexia, Cough, Serous to Muco-purulent nasal and lacrimal discharge, increased respiratory rate, and increased breath sounds, Anorexia |
| Disease Description |
Common cold in animal is manifested by the sign of Nasal and ocular discharge, Coughing, Slight fever etc. |
| Disease Control |
Strict Isolation and Biosecurity Measures |
| Disease Prevention |
The key to preventing respiratory disease is to reduce stress and to vaccinate against viruses and bacteria that cause disease.
• Vaccination with biological products targeting the viral and bacterial pathogens.
• Appropriate use of antibiotics labelled for control of BRD
• Good cattle handling and stress reduction
• Minimize exposure to environmental conditions that contribute to disease, such as dust, crowding, fumes (proper ventilation is a key - especially with dairy facilities).
• Provide adequate rest, feed and water (especially after shipping).
• Make sure animals receive adequate levels of essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.
• Nutritional soundness also helps prevent disease and improves immune function.
• Handle animals with care. Use low stress handling techniques.
• Reduce and/or minimize pen movements.
• Make sure bedding is clean and dry.
• Keep animals as clean and dry as possible.
• Avoid overcrowding.
• Maintain good housing and ventilation.
• Minimize heat stress.
• Make sure animals receive the right deworming program in areas affected by lungworm.
• Effective colostrum management
Source- https://www.zoetisus.com/conditions/dairy/bovine-respiratory-disease-_brd_.aspx# on August 10, 2020. |
| Precautions |
|
| Procedure of Use |
Cows and buffalos often suffer from cough and cold. Mansukhlal Vithhalbhai wrap bark of Indian Rosewood (Dalbergia sissoo) tree in a piece of jute cloth and set fire to it. The smoke is effective as a cure. He suggests this practice twice a day for two days. |
| Etiology Causative Agent |
Virus , Bacteria, Mycoplasma , Allergic , Toxic gases
Viruses most frequently associated with BRD include:
• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,
• A type 1 bovine herpes virus (BHV1),
• Para influenza virus type 3 (PI3),
• Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and
• Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV).
Other viruses which may be involved and could be underestimated are:
• Bovine adenovirus and
• Bovine coronavirus (BCV)
In addition, there are several viruses which are occasionally implicated by serological evidence but for which no clear or consistent association has been made: bovine calici virus, bovine parvovirus, BHV4, bovine reovirus, bovine entero virus, bovine rhinovirus, and malignant catarrhal fever virus.
Secondary bacterial pneumonia is typically attributed to members of the family Pasteurellaceae, including Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica), Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus.
Other bacteria that have been isolated with some frequency are mycoplasmas, especially Ureaplasma diversum, Mycoplasma dispar, Mycoplasma bovis, and Mycoplasma bovirhinis.
Chlamydia spp. have been recovered from pneumonic lungs of cattle with BRD, coincidentally with Pasteurellaceae and mycoplasmas (Reggiardo C., Fhurmann T. J., Meerdink G. L., Bicknell E. J. Diagnostic features of chlamydia infection in dairy calves. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 1989;1:305–308.). Although chlamydiae alone do cause primary respiratory disease, their role in UBRD is uncertain and their coincidental isolation may be merely that. [Hodgins DC, Conlon JA, Shewen PE. Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria in Cattle. In: Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM, editors. Polymicrobial Diseases. Washington (DC): ASM Press; 2002. Chapter 12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2480/] |
| Global Context |
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| Lesson Implication |
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| Other Medications / Treatments |
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| Limitations of Approaches |
(local availability of herbal ingredients, their parts in particular form, vehicle to use the preparations; induction of proper dosage, etc.) |
| Other Community Practices |
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| Practice ID |
DTP0010000000129 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/1785 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)