| PAS_1 |
Calotropis gigantea. The literature survey shows that a limed work has been reported in the latex part. This milkweed (arka) shows a numerous biological activities. Still there is very few mechanistic pharmacological investigation works were documented. In this review, the percentage of the research work in respect to different plant parts was documented. This informative article also emphasize the absence of pharmacological activity study on plant parts like stem bark, flower twig etc. Henceforth, this review article may play a significant role in near future to explore the novel therapeutic phytoconstituents.[ Prativa Biswasroy, Sthitapragnya Panda, Debajyoti Das, Durga Madhab Kar, Goutam Ghosh. Pharmacological investigation of Calotropis gigantea: A benevolent herb of Nature. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2020; 13(1): 461-467. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00090.6] https://rjptonline.org/HTMLPaper.aspx?Journal=Research%20Journal%20of%20Pharmacy%20and%20Technology;PID=2020-13-1-90 |
| PAS_2 |
Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera are small shrub, which are used conventionally to treat many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and intestinal disease in African and Asian countries. There have been always an increased focus on primary health care: basic health care which is effective and affordable by developing countries.[ Shripad M. Bairagi, Prashant Ghuze, Ritu Gilhotra, harmacology of Natural Products: An recent approach on Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera, Ars Pharm. 2018; 59(1): 37-44], http://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/ars/v59n1/2340-9894-ars-59-1-37.pdf |
| Agro Ecological Zone |
Agro Ecological Sub Region (ICAR) Central Highlands (Malwa), Gujarat Plain (5.1) , Agro-Climatic Zone (Planning Commission) Gujarat Plains and hills region (XIII), Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) North Saurashtra, South Saurashtra (GJ-6,GJ-7) |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
Retention of placenta for more than 24 hour after parturition. |
| Disease Description |
Third phase of parturition in Cattle is voiding foetal membrane or placenta, when animal fails to do so for more the 24 hours of time after parturition, it is indicated as Retention of placenta. If complicated, can cause, post-partum metritis, low milk yield, poor reproductive performance etc. |
| Disease Control |
• Need to focus on the causative factor like abortion , premature calving , dystocia , vitamin and mineral deficiency, milk fever and subclinical calcium deficiency etc. [ Melendez, P., G.A. Donovan, C.A. Risco and J.P Goff, 2004. Plasma mineral and energy metabolite concentrations in dairy cows fed an anionic prepartum diet that did or did not have retained fetal membranes after parturition. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 65(8): 1071-1076.]
• Good control over feeding during dry period.
• Immunization for infectious disease.
• Avoiding cows becoming over fat will also reduce the incidence of ROP
• Supplementation of Vit- E and Selenium [Bourne, N., R. Laven and D.C. Wathes, 2007. A meta- analysis of the effects of vitamin E supplementation on the incidence of retained fetal membranes in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 67: 494-501. Bovine Ann Med Vet., 143: 91-118.] |
| Disease Prevention |
Basically, we have to avoid the occurrence of dystocia through genetic selection of dam and sire having minimal probability for RP, proper prepartum nutritional status and exercise. Special care should be paid for nutrition and vitamine supplementation, especially during the dry period.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317617884_Economic_and_Reproductive_Impacts_of_Retained_Placenta_in_Dairy_Cows |
| Precautions |
|
| Procedure of Use |
When an animal is inflicted with a deep wound, it becomes restless and stops taking fodder and drink. It is not inclined to work. For treatment, Badubhai Panith uses tanner cassia (Cassia auriculata) leaves and "dodva" herb. He says when tanner cassia leaves and dodva are ground and the paste is applied to the wound, it gives immediate relief to the animal. This paste is applied twice a day for two days. It gives immediate relief and cures the deep wound. This method is traditional. Badubhai learnt of it from his relatives. Many farmers in Bhavnagar district use this method. |
| Etiology Causative Agent |
Multifactorial-
• Infectious Disease: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea may cause RFM in cattle Brucellosis
• Managemental- hereditary, inbreeding and obesity Lack of exercise and hypocalcaemia,
• Failure of Maternal immune Response,
• Nutritional: deficiency of feed during the last 6 to 8 weeks before Heavy grain feeding vitamin E and vitamin A, B-carotene and disturbed Ca/P l
• Cow’s Body Weight and Calves’ Birth Weight
• Hormonal: Decrease level of estragen hormone may indicate ROP. [El-Nemer, I., N. Hazza and S. Emara, 2000. Changes in thyroid and sex hormones in serum of cattle with retention of placenta.],
• Mechanical Causes of Retained Placenta: Twin, dystocia, Induction of parturition, Premature birth, Dead and emphysematous foetus. |
| Global Context |
The incidence in dairy herds is generally reported to be between 5 to 8% (Bretzlaff and others 1982, Joosten and others 1988, Borsberry & Dobson 1989), making it one of the most common reproductive disorders identified in cattle. |
| Lesson Implication |
|
| Other Medications / Treatments |
Manual removal of the retained membranes is not recommended and is potentially harmful. Trimming of excess tissue that is objectionable to animal handlers and contributes to gross contamination of the genital tract is permissible. Untreated cows expel the membranes in 2–11 days. Routine use of intrauterine antimicrobials has not been found to be beneficial and may be detrimental. Although advocated at various times, oxytocin, estradiol, PGF2α, and oral calcium preparations have not been shown to hasten expulsion of retained membranes or to prevent complications. When systemic signs of illness are present, systemic treatment with antimicrobials is indicated. In herds in which incidence of retained fetal membranes is unacceptably high, predisposing causes should be sought and eliminated. Supplementation with vitamin E and selenium for herds in which these nutrients are deficient has been found to be beneficial.
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/reproductive-system/retained-fetal-membranes-in-large-animals/retained-fetal-membranes-in-cows |
| Limitations of Approaches |
Local availability of herbal ingredients, their parts in particular form, vehicle to use the preparations; induction of proper dosage, etc. |
| Other Community Practices |
|
| Practice ID |
DTP0010000000671 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/1788 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)