| PAS_1 |
The importance of horse gram was well recognized by the folk/alternative/traditional medicine as a potential therapeutic agent to treat kidney stones, urinary diseases, piles, common cold, throat infection, fever etc. The inception of nutraceutical concept and increasing health consciousness the demand of nutraceutical and functional food is increased. In recent years, isolation and utilization of potential antioxidants from legumes including horse gram are increased as it decreases the risk of intestinal diseases, diabetes, coronary heart disease, prevention of dental caries etc. [Prasad SK, Singh MK. Horse gram- an underutilized nutraceutical pulse crop: a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(5):2489-2499. doi:10.1007/s13197-014-1312-z] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397296/ |
| PAS_2 |
Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam.) is a popular pulse, locally known as Kollu belongs to the family Fabaceae that still remain an under exploited legume crop. Horse gram seeds are rich in protein and consumed in majority by poorest section of the society. It is rich in protein, iron, calcium and polyphenols. Different part of the plants are used for the treatment of heart disease, asthma, bronchitis, urinary discharges and for treatment of kidney stones. The present paper is an overview on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties reported in the literature [Anand, Vijay & Bharathi, Vadivelu. (2015). A Review on Macrotyloma uniflorum. [ American Journal of Pharmtech Research.] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297738388_A_Review_on_Macrotyloma_uniflorum/ |
| Agro Ecological Zone |
Western plane and hill region (5.2)
Gujarat Plains and Hills region (XIII),Bhal and Coastal area (GJ-8) |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
Pyrexia, Cough, Serous to Muco-purulent nasal and lacrimal discharge, increased respiratory rate, and increased breath sounds, Anorexia , |
| Disease Description |
Common cold in animal is manifested by the sign of Nasal and ocular discharge, Coughing, Slight fever etc. |
| Disease Control |
Strict Isolation and Biosecurity Measures |
| Disease Prevention |
The key to preventing respiratory disease is to reduce stress and to vaccinate against viruses and bacteria that cause disease.
• Vaccination with biological products targeting the viral and bacterial pathogens.
• Appropriate use of antibiotics labelled for control of BRD
• Good cattle handling and stress reduction
• Minimize exposure to environmental conditions that contribute to disease, such as dust, crowding, fumes (proper ventilation is a key - especially with dairy facilities).
• Provide adequate rest, feed and water (especially after shipping).
• Make sure animals receive adequate levels of essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.
• Nutritional soundness also helps prevent disease and improves immune function.
• Handle animals with care. Use low stress handling techniques.
• Reduce and/or minimize pen movements.
• Make sure bedding is clean and dry.
• Keep animals as clean and dry as possible.
• Avoid overcrowding.
• Maintain good housing and ventilation.
• Minimize heat stress.
• Make sure animals receive the right deworming program in areas affected by lungworm.
• Effective colostrum management
Source- https://www.zoetisus.com/conditions/dairy/bovine-respiratory-disease-_brd_.aspx# on August 10, 2020. |
| Precautions |
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| Procedure of Use |
In cold months, when the animal is exposed to cold breeze, or when its exertion level is high, it is prone to infection, which is responsible for cough. Due to the problem, the animal oozes phlegm from its nostrils and shows signs of heavy breathing. The animal also keeps its head downward.
To cure this problem, 50 g peeled garlic (Allium sativum) and 20 to 25 g salt is mixed well and then crushed. This mixture is smeared on the back of animal for once or twice. The treatment provides relief to the animal. There is no side effect of the treatment.
It is a famous practice and all people are using this practice in the village. It is a traditional practice learnt from forefathers |
| Etiology Causative Agent |
Virus , Bacteria, Mycoplasma , Allergic , Toxic gases
Viruses most frequently associated with BRD include:
• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,
• A type 1 bovine herpesvirus (BHV1),
• Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3),
• Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and
• Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV).
Other viruses which may be involved and could be underestimated are:
• Bovine adenovirus and
• Bovine coronavirus (BCV)
In addition, there are several viruses which are occasionally implicated by serological evidence but for which no clear or consistent association has been made: bovine calicivirus, bovine parvovirus, BHV4, bovine reovirus, bovine enterovirus, bovine rhinovirus, and malignant catarrhal fever virus.
Secondary bacterial pneumonia is typically attributed to members of the family Pasteurellaceae, including Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica), Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus.
Other bacteria that have been isolated with some frequency are mycoplasmas, especially Ureaplasma diversum, Mycoplasma dispar, Mycoplasma bovis, and Mycoplasma bovirhinis.
Chlamydia spp. have been recovered from pneumonic lungs of cattle with BRD, coincidentally with Pasteurellaceae and mycoplasmas (Reggiardo C., Fhurmann T. J., Meerdink G. L., Bicknell E. J. Diagnostic features of chlamydia infection in dairy calves. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 1989;1:305–308.). Although chlamydiae alone do cause primary respiratory disease, their role in UBRD is uncertain and their coincidental isolation may be merely that. [Hodgins DC, Conlon JA, Shewen PE. Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria in Cattle. In: Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM, editors. Polymicrobial Diseases. Washington (DC): ASM Press; 2002. Chapter 12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2480/] |
| Global Context |
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| Lesson Implication |
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| Other Medications / Treatments |
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| Limitations of Approaches |
Local availability of herbal ingredients, their parts in particular form, vehicle to use the preparations; induction of proper dosage, etc. |
| Other Community Practices |
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| Practice ID |
DTP0010000000 823 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/1814 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)
