| PAS_1 |
“Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) Contains high levels of anthocyanin polyphenols, which have beneficial effects on health owing to their antioxidant properties.”[ Pakhawadee Palungwachira,1 Salunya Tancharoen,2 Chareerut Phruksaniyom,2 Sirinapha Klungsaeng,3 Ratchaporn Srichan,4 Kiyoshi Kikuchi,2,5 and Thamthiwat Nararatwanchai1, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Anthocyanins Extracted from Oryza sativa L. in Primary Dermal Fibroblasts, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityVolume 2019 |Article ID 2089817 ] Accessed at- https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2019/2089817/#supplementary-materials on August 9, 2020. |
| PAS_2 |
“Rice is used in traditional medicines as a remedy against inflammation, gastrointestinal ailments, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and skin diseases. Experimental and clinical evidence indicate that brown rice and bran oil reduce hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular risk, rice bran is anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory, the monacolin-rich red yeast rice regulates hypercholesterolemia, and the GABA-rich germinated brown rice has chemopreventive effects. The rice constituent γ-oryzanol has been intensively investigated for cholesterol regulation and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activities.”
[BrunoBurlando, LauraCornara, Therapeutic properties of rice constituents and derivatives (Oryza sativa L.): A review update, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Volume 40, Issue 1, November 2014, Pages 82-98] accessed at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224414001666#! On August 9, 2020. |
| Agro Ecological Zone |
Agro Ecological Sub Region (ICAR) Central Highlands (Malwa), Gujarat Plain (5.1) , Agro-Climatic Zone (Planning Commission) Gujarat Plains and hills region (XIII), Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) North Saurashtra, South Saurashtra (GJ-6,GJ-7) |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
Pyrexia, Cough, Serous to Muco-purulent nasal and lacrimal discharge, increased respiratory rate, and increased breath sounds, Anorexia |
| Disease Description |
Common cold in animal is manifested by the sign of Nasal and ocular discharge, Coughing, Slight fever etc |
| Disease Control |
Strict Isolation and Biosecurity Measures |
| Disease Prevention |
The key to preventing respiratory disease is to reduce stress and to vaccinate against viruses and bacteria that cause disease.
• Vaccination with biological products targeting the viral and bacterial pathogens.
• Appropriate use of antibiotics labelled for control of BRD
• Good cattle handling and stress reduction
• Minimize exposure to environmental conditions that contribute to disease, such as dust, crowding, fumes (proper ventilation is a key - especially with dairy facilities).
• Provide adequate rest, feed and water (especially after shipping).
• Make sure animals receive adequate levels of essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.
• Nutritional soundness also helps prevent disease and improves immune function.
• Handle animals with care. Use low stress handling techniques.
• Reduce and/or minimize pen movements.
• Make sure bedding is clean and dry.
• Keep animals as clean and dry as possible.
• Avoid overcrowding.
• Maintain good housing and ventilation.
• Minimize heat stress.
• Make sure animals receive the right deworming program in areas affected by lungworm.
• Effective colostrum management
Source- https://www.zoetisus.com/conditions/dairy/bovine-respiratory-disease-_brd_.aspx# on August 10, 2020. |
| Precautions |
|
| Procedure of Use |
Due to swelling in lungs and windpipe, the animal is affected by cough problem. The problem is known as Bronchopneumonia. In cold months, the animal is exposed to the cold breeze or when their exertion level is high, they are easily affected by infection, which is responsible for the cough in animal. Due to the problem, animal oozes phlegm from their nostrils and creates a sound in inhaling and exhaling the breath. As a result, the animal keeps the head in downward position. To cure cough in animal, use 100 g rice (Oryza sativa) with 100 g jaggery are mixed together. This mixture is mixed with the concentrated feed and given to the affected animal for twice a day in the morning and evening hours. After two days, animal is cured of the problem. There is no side effect of the treatment. It is a traditional method learnt from forefathers and has been in use from last 10 to 15 years. |
| Etiology Causative Agent |
Virus , Bacteria, Mycoplasma , Allergic , Toxic gases
Viruses most frequently associated with BRD include:
• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,
• A type 1 bovine herpesvirus (BHV1),
• Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI3),
• Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and
• Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV).
Other viruses which may be involved and could be underestimated are:
• Bovine adenovirus and
• Bovine coronavirus (BCV)
In addition, there are several viruses which are occasionally implicated by serological evidence but for which no clear or consistent association has been made: bovine calicivirus, bovine parvovirus, BHV4, bovine reovirus, bovine enterovirus, bovine rhinovirus, and malignant catarrhal fever virus.
Secondary bacterial pneumonia is typically attributed to members of the family Pasteurellaceae, including Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica), Pasteurella multocida, and Haemophilus somnus.
Other bacteria that have been isolated with some frequency are mycoplasmas, especially Ureaplasma diversum, Mycoplasma dispar, Mycoplasma bovis, and Mycoplasma bovirhinis.
Chlamydia spp. have been recovered from pneumonic lungs of cattle with BRD, coincidentally with Pasteurellaceae and mycoplasmas (Reggiardo C., Fhurmann T. J., Meerdink G. L., Bicknell E. J. Diagnostic features of chlamydia infection in dairy calves. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 1989;1:305–308.). Although chlamydiae alone do cause primary respiratory disease, their role in UBRD is uncertain and their coincidental isolation may be merely that. [Hodgins DC, Conlon JA, Shewen PE. Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria in Cattle. In: Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM, editors. Polymicrobial Diseases. Washington (DC): ASM Press; 2002. Chapter 12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2480/] |
| Global Context |
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| Lesson Implication |
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| Other Medications / Treatments |
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| Limitations of Approaches |
Local availability of herbal ingredients, their parts in particular form, vehicle to use the preparations; induction of proper dosage, etc. |
| Other Community Practices |
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| Practice ID |
DTP0010000000 852 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/1820 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)