| PAS_1 |
UA is a treatment regimen that enhances the elimination of poison by the administration of intravenous sodium bicarbonate to increase urine pH over 7.5. [ https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/alkalinization#:~:text=Third%20Edition)%2C%202019-,Urine%20Alkalinization,increase%20urine%20pH%20over%207.5. ] |
| PAS_2 |
Oral administration of a standard dose of sodium bicarbonate tablets resulted in effective urine alkalinization. [Cohen B, Laish I, Brosh-Nissimov T, Hoffman A, Katz LH, Braunstein R, Sagi R, Michael G. Efficacy of urine alkalinization by oral administration of sodium bicarbonate: a prospective open-label trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Dec;31(12):1703-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.08.031. Epub 2013 Sep 20. PMID: 24055481. ] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24055481/ |
| Agro Ecological Zone |
Western Plain, Kachchh And Part Of Kathia(2.4),Gujrat Plains & Hills Region (XIII) ,North Saurashtra Zone, South Saurashtra Zone (GJ-6, GJ-7) |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
The clinical signs associated with urolithiasis, depend upon the degree of obstruction to free flow of urine. Severity of surrounding tissue reactions. The major clinical signs reported during the onset of urolithiasis include anorexia, suspended rumination and decreased water intake. Animals suffering from partial obstruction dribble blood tinged urine after prolonged, painful attempts of urination, as the disease progress the symptoms depicted are abdominal bilateral distention, tenesmus, colic, and weight shifting, and grinding of teeth, urethral pulsation and tendency of rectal prolapsed Animals may have an arched stance, tread their feet, swish the tail, or kick at their belly. Urolithiasis should always be near the top of the differential list in male ruminants with signs of colic.[ Makhdoomi DM and Gazi MA Obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants – A review 233-238,doi:10.5455/ vetworld.2013.233-238 ] http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.6/April%20-%202013/Obstructive%20urolithiasis%20in%20ruminants.pdf |
| Disease Description |
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| Disease Control |
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| Disease Prevention |
Critical preventive measures such as providing calcium to phosphorous ratio of 2:1 in the complete ration, increasing the salt levels to 4 percent of the diet in order to stimulate water consumption and to increase urine volume and maintenance of adequate and abundant water supplies should be highly considered. Struvite crystals can be prevented by the dietary modification cattle to induce urine acidification. The ration should be modified, which includes elimination of alfa- alfa feeding, reduction or elimination of grain feeding, a change to grass hay as primary forage, encourage- These modifications are intended to reduce calculogenic minerals, especially urolithiasis in feedlot cattle in calcium and phosphorous through elimination of alfa-alfa and grain feeding respectively. Besides potentially altering the mineral content of the diet, free access to grazing may increase the daily amount of water intake, which may in turn dilute urine, thus limiting calculo- urolithiasis in a open the dietary balance.[ Makhdoomi DM and Gazi MA Obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants – A review 233-238,doi:10.5455/ vetworld.2013.233-238] http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.6/April%20-%202013/Obstructive%20urolithiasis%20in%20ruminants.pdf |
| Precautions |
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| Procedure of Use |
Anuria affected animal cannot pass urine due to blockage of the urinary passage. It shows the symptoms of painful legs, frequent sit ups and stretched body. Bullock are more affected by anuria. For treatment in such a condition, farmer Virambhai from Jamnagar district of Gujarat dissolves 10 g sodium bicarbonate in 500 g milk of either cow, buffalo or preferably goat, and immediately administers to the suffering animal 2 - 3 times a day for two days. This remedy does not have any side effect. The remedy is being in use since last 10 - 15 years and 50% of the farmers in the village and the surrounding area use this method. As an alternative remedy, juice extracted out of banaba (Lagerstromia speciosa) plant is administered to the animal. This induces the animal to release urine and feel better. |
| Etiology Causative Agent |
Formerly, the most common causative agents were the Corynebacterium renale group of bacteria, including C. renale, C. cystitidis, and C. pilosum, as well as Escherichia coli; however, E. coli and Trueperella (formerly Arcanobacterium or Corynebacterium) pyogenes are now the bacteria most frequently isolated from cows with pyelonephritis. Other opportunistic and environmental bacteria may be involved, including staphylococci and streptococci. The most common causative bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment and are common inhabitants of the vagina and prepuce. Pyelonephritis develops from an ascending infection from the bladder. Cystitis may be present without involving the ureters or ascending to the kidney until some event occurs that compromises the defence mechanism of the ureteral mucosa. The organisms attack or colonize the mucosal lining of the bladder and ureters usually after some traumatic insult (such as parturition or abnormal deformity of the vaginal tract). The stresses of parturition, peak lactation, and a high-protein diet (which increases the pH of the urine and is therefore conducive to colonization of the urinary tract by Corynebacterium spp) are all contributing factors. Routine catheterization of the bladder with non-sterile catheters may facilitate transmission of Corynebacterium spp from cow to cow. The decrease in the frequency of urinary catheterization has been associated with a decreased prevalence of Corynebacterium spp as a cause of pyelonephritis. |
| Global Context |
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| Lesson Implication |
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| Other Medications / Treatments |
Early diagnosis and prompt, sustained treatment are needed for a successful recovery. A catheterized urine sample should be taken for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The treatment of choice for pyelonephritis due to Corynebacterium spp is penicillin (22,000 IU/kg, IM, bid) or trimethoprim-sulfadoxine (16 mg combined/kg, IM, bid) for ≥3 wk. The dosage, frequency, and length of administration for both of these drugs is extra-label, and adequate precautions must be taken to prevent antibiotic residues from entering the human food supply. E coli infections require a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Ceftiofur (1.1–2.2 mg/kg/day, IM or SC) or gentamicin (2.2 mg/kg, IM, bid) for ≥3 wk have been used successfully in some cases. Because of the extremely long tissue-depletion time, the aminoglycosides may not be indicated in food-producing animals. Manipulation of urine pH may theoretically be of value because E coli grow best in acidic urine (pH <7), whereas Corynebacterium spp grow best in alkaline urine (pH >7). Non azotemic animals with pyelonephritis confined to one kidney may benefit from unilateral nephrectomy. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/urinary-system/infectious-diseases-of-the-urinary-system-in-large-animals/bovine-cystitis-and-pyelonephritis Even though the organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, affected animals should be isolated from the herd to restrict build-up of organisms. Because of suspicion that bulls may act as mechanical vectors of Corynebacterium spp, artificial insemination in herds with multiple animals affected may be considered. |
| Limitations of Approaches |
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| Other Community Practices |
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| Practice ID |
DTP0010000000 861 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/1821 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)
