| PAS_1 |
IN Kenya -Ethnoveterinary remedies of natural Soda ash solution (97% sodium bicarbonate), honey and finger millet flour were used to manage the FMD lesions. The lesions were washed with soda ash solution to remove the necrotic tissue after which raw honey and finger millet flour were applied to the cleaned lesions. The lesions were examined daily and those with necrotic material washed again with the Soda ash solution. Honey and finger millet flour were applied daily for three days. There was rapid healing of the lesions with the animals resuming feeding after three days. The fast healing of the lesions vindicates the use of these cheap, locally available and easy to apply products in the management of FMD lesions |
| PAS_2 |
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| Agro Ecological Zone |
Agro-Ecological Sub Region (ICAR) Western Ghat and coastal plain hot humid (6.2),
Agro-Climatic Region (Planning Commission) Western plateau and hills region (IX),
Agro Climatic Zone (NARP) Western Ghat Zone - ZARS, Igatpuri, Dist. Nashik
Western Maharashtra Scarcity Zone (MH-6),- ZARS, Solapur
Sub Montane Zone – ZARS, Kolhapur
Plain Zone – ZARS, Ganeshkhind, Pune |
| Disease Symptoms / Clinical Signs |
The incubation period for FMD virus has a range between one and 12 days. The disease is characterized by high fever that declines rapidly after two to three days, blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy saliva and to drooling, and blisters on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness. Adult animals may suffer weight loss from which they do not recover for several months, as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and cow’s milk production can decline significantly. Though most animals eventually recover from FMD, the disease can lead to myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and death, especially in newborn animals. |
| Disease Description |
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids. The virus causes a high fever lasting two to six days, followed by blisters inside the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness. |
| Disease Control |
By providing cold therapy. Paint the swollen area with iodine ointment. Administration of NSAIDs parentrally. Give rest to animal. Control measures include quarantine and destruction of both infected and healthy (uninfected) livestock, and export bans for meat and other animal products to countries not infected with the disease.
Following an outbreak, movement restrictions are applied and infected premises must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Mild acids- citric acid and acetic acids and alkalis- 2% NaOH, Sodium carbonate are effective disinfectant. |
| Disease Prevention |
Like other RNA viruses, the FMD virus continually evolves and mutates, thus one of the difficulties in vaccinating against it is the huge variation between, and even within, serotypes. No cross-protection has been seen between serotypes (a vaccine for one serotype will not protect against any others) and in addition, two strains within a given serotype may have nucleotide sequences that differ by as much as 30% for a given gene. This means FMD vaccines must be highly specific to the strain involved. Vaccination only provides temporary immunity that lasts from months to years. In India, vaccination is done twice in a year, first time in May-June month and second time in Nov-Dec month. |
| Precautions |
o Keep everything clean – materials like mud or bedding on clothes, boots equipment or vehicles can carry the virus from farm to farm or between different groups of livestock on the farm
o Don’t wear work clothes to sales or shows. Wear clean protective clothing and footwear for use solely on your own farm
o It is essential that you clean yourself, your vehicle and everything you carry thoroughly when you move between different groups of livestock on the farm
o Avoid visiting other farms unless absolutely necessary
o Do inspect animals regularly (at least daily) for signs of disease
o Keep different species of livestock separate where possible
o Avoid moving animals from one part of the farm to another if possible, particularly between out farms and conacre
o When handling your animals, be aware that sheep do not always show obvious signs of the disease and you could inadvertently infect other animals
o Wash hands after contact with livestock
o Make sure you have approved disinfectant and cleaning material ready at your farm entrance, so that essential visitors can disinfect themselves before entering the premises and as they leave
o Prevent any non-essential visits to your farm |
| Procedure of Use |
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| Etiology Causative Agent |
The virus responsible for FMD is an aphthovirus, foot-and- mouth disease virus. Infection occurs when the virus particle is taken into a cell of the host. The cell is then forced to manufacture thousands of copies of the virus, and eventually bursts, releasing the new particles in the blood. The virus is genetically highly variable, which limits the effectiveness of vaccination. FMD virus includes 7 serotypes namely O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3. Out of all serotype, serotype O is very common in India. Presently serotype O, A and Asia1 are prevalent. |
| Global Context |
FMD disease in livestock animals is spread worldwide. The condition is more common in adult animals than young ones. In cows up to 6 months of age, FMD virus can cause death through injury to the myocardium and myocarditis. Affected animals become non-productive or poorly productive for long period |
| Lesson Implication |
Redness and swelling of the skin tissues, Tearing, Irritation, Sensitivity to sunlight, cellulitis FMD has very severe implications for animal farming, since it is highly infectious and can be spread by infected animals comparatively easily through contact with contaminated farming equipment, vehicles, clothing, and feed, and by domestic and wild predators. |
| Other Medications / Treatments |
An ideal therapy of FMD would mass vaccination |
| Limitations of Approaches |
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| Other Community Practices |
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| Practice ID |
DTP0010000003422 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Annotation ID |
GIAN/GAVL/2059 |
| Reference |
HBN database |
| Scout |
HBN |
Honey Bee Network Knowledge & Innovation Database (HBNKIND)
